Intelligent Lighting Control Using Android Application

Intelligent kindling Control Using Android ApplicationDivya Srinivasan, N.R.Raajan, Jayakumar V.K, Manonmani PAbstractIn this era where smartness is the key, automatic governances argon preferred over manual ones. An important finishing of smart technology is efficient vitality utilization, which is the fatality of the hour. Energy consumption give nonice be minimized by spell off lights when they be non need, optimizing light source levels to suit workers and by encompass green technology. One simple commission to minify carbon whole step is the usage of a lighting go steady clay which delivers light as per the requirements and avoid unnecessary wastage. In this topic, a lighting correspond system using an android finish has been proposed. Android is one of the widely employ open solution mobile plat have and the exploiter base is ontogenesis faster day by day. As more pot are using smart phones, compulsive light using an android application is cheaper, e asier and cost effective.Keywords Light control, Arduino board, GSM/GPRS module, Relay board, Android applicationI. INTRODUCTION cut back energy consumption and increasing drillr comfort have continuously been main objectives of any intelligent mental synthesis in todays scenario. Meeting these two demands is a complex task. This paper presents an effective way to reduce energy utilization and increase user comfort. In this paper, Arduino, a microcontroller is used. It is an open-source embedded platform where one burn down write programs and swan it using hardware. Arduinos have the ability to sense the environment by getting input from different sensors and it cease control its surroundings by controlling light, motors etc. The conference between a smart phone and microcontroller is launch through a GSM/GPRS module. A GSM/GPRS module is same as that of the linguistic rule mobile phone and it needs a SIM card to broadcast. It does the job of a normal mobile phone. This type of intercourse is called weapon to Machine (M2M) communication. What it core is that both wired and receiving set systems are al upseted to interact with other devices. It enables the run for of data between tools and finally between humans and machines. Irrespective of the constitution of the data or machine, information flows in the same way, which is starts from a machine .Then it passes over a network and then through a checkpoint or gate to a system where it potful be evaluated and acted upon. The aim of the M2M hardware is to provide an interface between the machine and the network. This paper deals with this M2M communication. Work to be done by the end user is very simple. Wireless communication makes human life easier and simpler. And especially with mobile, everything is instant and reachable. The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in fig 1. common fig 1.General Block DiagramII. GSM MODEMSGSM modems are untold like GSM devices which helps in provid ing GSM functionality according to our needs. A complete phone can be built using a GSM modem but that would be a waste of important resources like time, which is of the essence, and money, because a phone would work divulge to be more cost effective. DTMF can help us control remotely, but DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency signaling) in the aspects of monitoring has its own limitations.In these cases GSM modems can really be helpful. GSM modems can play a key government agency in projects which requires Remote Monitoring and Control. In this way Machine to Machine communication can be established. Pre-defined commands can be used to control GSM modems by sending them serially. These pre-defined commands are cognize as AT commands. In this paper the focus is on messaging only. AT commands also known as theHayes commands, is a specific command languageactually developed for theHayesSmartmodem. The command commemorate comprises of a series of short text chemical chains that combine together to give complete commands for operations like dialing of good squirms, call termination and the required parameter changes of the connection network. The Hayes command delimitate is one of the some commonly used and is available in numerous variations.III. HAYES COMMANDS whatever basic commands which are required to perform basic telephony operations are mentioned belowMessagingSet Message Type as Text AT+CMGF=1Set Message Destination hail Type Message AT+CMGS=+91XXXXXXXXXXWhen this command is entered, there is a agile of the GSM modem terminal wherein the message to be sent is typed. After the message in entered, Ctrl+Z is pressed to exit terminal prompt. Once all the to a higher place steps are followed, the message allow foring be sent to the user by the GSM modem.In addition to the above commands, a set of straight messages will be sent by the GSM modem when an SMS or Call is achieved. just about of the messages are mentioned below.Incoming SMSIncoming SMS returns a message+CMTI SM, 23 lead SMSTo read the incoming SMS, the command used isAT+CMGR=Xwhere the number is X which is returned at the end of the+CMTI output signal above. For example it is 23The SMS is received in the chase way+CMGR REC UNREAD,+91XXXXXXXXXX,phonebook entry, Date, TimeMessage TextThe above set of information is enough for to work with the GSM modem.Using Arduino IDE, code is written to receive message from GSM modem and the message is processed in the controller. Light is switched on or off only when the incoming message matches with the string written in the program.The Arduino Uno is a controller board establish on theATmega328. It has 14 I/O immobilises (6 of which can provide PWM o/p)-Digital, a 16MHzceramic resonator, a USB connection, analog I/P-6, a power cord, an In Circuit incidental Programming(ICSP) head word and a reset button. The specifications of Arduino Uno rev3 are shown in table 1.Table 1 Arduino Uno SpecificationsIn addition to the abov e, dedicated functions are available for some of the pins concomitant 1 (TX-Transmission) and 0 (RX-Reception). It is used to receive and transmit TTL (Transistor -Transistor Logic) serial data. The pins are linked to the equivalent pins of theATmega8U2USB-to-TTL Serial chip.External Interrupts 2 and 3.These two pins can be designed to initiate an interrupt when any of the mentioned cases happens a low abide by occurs, a falling or rising edge, a value change.PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.Provide 8-bit PWM output with theanalogwrite() function.SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).These pins support SPI communication using theSPI library.LED 13.There is an LED, which is in-built, is linked to the pin (digital) 13. If the pin has a in high spirits value then its in ON state, if it has a mild value its in OFF stateThe Arduino UNO has the capability to communicate with a computer, another Arduino, or other controllers. Themicrocontroller used in this paper provides UART TT Logic (5Volts) serial communication, which is obtainable in pins (digital) 1 (TX) and 0 (RX).In anATmega16U2on the board serial communication is done over USB and appears as a virtual communication port. In the case when ATmega16U2 is used, away drivers are not required and the USB COM drivers (standard) are used.The Arduino software also includes controls which allow text based data to be sent and received. The Rx (Receive) and Tx (Transmit)LEDspresent will blink when data is cosmos sent from USB to serial chip or to any other terminal. Aserial libraryin the form of a software present in Arduino permits serial communication on any of the pins (digital) of Uno. The Arduino software IDE is used to configure the Arduino Uno. TheATmega328on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with abootloaderwhich allows codes to be uploaded to the board without the use of a programmer who has expertise in hardware programming. Communication is mathematical through the use of STK500protocol. The bootloader ca n be bypassed and the controller is programmed using the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)IV. HARDWARE CONNECTIONSThe SIM Card is inserted into the GSM modem.The Tx (Transmit) pin of the GSM modem is connected to pin (digital) 3 of the Arduino.The Rx (Receive) pin of the GSM modem is connected to pin (digital) 4 of the Arduino.The Gnd(Ground) pin of the GSM modem is connected to the Gnd(Ground) pin of theArduino.The GSM modem uses an external 12Volts DC Adaptor as power source (The+5Volts from internal source of Arduino is not sufficient).It is made sure that the network LED flashes with a 2s ascertain and not 1s delay. 2s delay means it is connected to network, 1s delay means not unable to connect to network.Once the connections are minded(p) and the code is uploaded to the Arduino board, the string which is given in the code is sent as a message, GSM will receive the message and it will send it to Arduino which in turn will process the message and the corresponding action wil l take place. If number of lights is counted, then for each light some string has to be given in the coding. Instead of sending each message, development of an android application user friendly. Through an android app, message can be given. Since the GSM SIM900A is a GSM/GPRS module, control lights through android app are also possible. Authorization can also be given. It will provide restricted access people to control lights.The bet end of the Android app looks like as shown in fig 2 and fig 3.Fig 2.Android App Password Screen Fig 3.Android App User InterfaceUsing the swipe icon in the front panel, the lights can be turned on/off using this android app. as well as only the users who know the password can control the lights. figure of speech of lights which can be controlled depends on the number of ports the controller has. The controller output is given to relay boards and the output of the relay board is given to switches. In this way an android application and light is a ter minal device. Also an admin is created and he/she will get the message that who is controlling the light. In this way, protection can be improved.V. CONCLUSIONUnnecessary lighting is one of the premier(a) reasons for energy wastage. The most effective and easy way to curtail this is to turn off lights when they arent required. Lighting control systems can use factors much(prenominal) as occupancy, available daylight and time of day, thus providing significant energy and cost savings, a greater level of flexibility and control for building owners and added comfort for occupants. With increasing user comfort, energy can be protected to a larger extent. Also security is tightened with proper admin rights. Wireless systems reduce the labor, costs and wiring requirements of lighting control when compared to traditional systems. In short, wireless networking can usher in a new generation of smarter lighting control systems which reduce energy utilization and ensure a greener world.

Internal Auditing Information Technology Case Study

Internal Auditing discipline Technology Case cultivationYue Sun (Leah)Activity 1. Key entity- direct softensCOSO ComponentEntity-level ControlsControl Environment memorial tablet wide honor code of conductRaising awargonness and finish of the codeGranting restricted accesses to managers based on their department and responsibility mount adventure AssessmentOrganization wide risk assessmentRisk appetites designed by department managersHaving senior managements or control groups go off and approve risk appetiteControl ActivitiesOrganization wide constitution protocolIndependent upcountry audit committee oversightInformation technology general controlInformation CommunicationUtilizing secured and monitored discourse transcription for employeesMonitoring ActivitiesPerformance management systemRegularly realize internecine auditing processesActivity 2.Audit procedure for information technology general control escort whether the managements hold a positive attitude and approa ch toward integrity and ethics.Determining whether policies exists to define acceptable IT practices, conflict of interest, and or other expect standards of ethical behavior deep down the arranging.Determining whether management take suitable precaution and disciplinary action in circumstances where dishonor the policies.Determining whether practitioners and management receive complete requisite training to expeditiously perform their duties.Determining whether the integrity code of conduct is being applied through kayoed daily operations.Determining whether the role of each employee is well defined, record, and understood by all parties in the organization.Determining whether all procedures be properly documented by designated employee and the documentation is securely managed with restricted access.Determining whether there atomic number 18 processes in place to monitor the integrity and the ethical value within the department.Audit procedures and evidence that indicate ope rating efficientnessAudit procedures to determine operational efficiencyDetermining whether the tasks and goals atomic number 18 performed and achieved. It implies that the controls are operating efficiently when management and employees meet the expectations associated with their responsibilities.Evaluating the commitment of the management and employees when executing the internal controls heap as higher level commitments from management and employees lead to higher level operating efficiency.Determining whether management is promoting and trying to enforce the internal controls in the organization.Observing the efficiency and speciality of communication between management and employees. It indicates that the controls are operating efficiently when management and employees keep an open and transparent communication channel.Observing the attitude of both management and employees towards integrity and ethics in the internal controls.Evidence that indicate operating effectivenessT he operation should be considered effective when management holds a positive tone throughout the organization and the communication between management and employees is effective and transparent. Having an ethics and integrity schedule that is honored by both management and employees is another indicator for effective operation.Activity 4. SHR Corporations entity-level controls are mostly soft in nature and therefore, usher out impact the corporations employees in terms of how they approach issues. Such entity-level controls do live across the organization to mitigate risks that threaten the company while issue assurance that the objectives of the organization would be achieved. In addition, the entity-level controls have both internal and external effect. For instance, such control would impact on the effectiveness at transaction and processing level which could smear the risks that would prevent the company from achieving its objectives.impuissance in SHR Corporations entity-l evel controls include incidents where management is not dedicated to train and instruct employees. Lacking communication between management and employees could impact the operating effectiveness greatly. Another weakness would be when less reliance is placed on control activities that are performed by employees who make highly judgmental or complex tasks. In order to amend the listed weaknesses, management should be assessing the grapheme of the internal control performance across the organization. Monitoring activities are necessary and SHR should also acquire self-sufficing evaluation by internal auditors to play down risks. heed and employees behavior could be affected by the entity-level controls that are carried out across the entire organization. Based on the risks that the organization is currently facing, the entity-level controls would require managements to assess and report on the effectiveness of the internal control of the organization. The independent internal aud itors should confirm and evaluate such reports concerning the effectiveness of the corporations internal control.Management and employees behavior at business processing level could be positively impacted since entity-level controls could improve their accountability. Having an effective entity-level controls would help both management and employees keep abreast with organizations policies and code of conducts. Because entity-level controls provide assurance to the board and management that the established procedures and policies are performed throughout the organizations operation.When auditing controls over the companys purchases and accounts payable, SHRs entity-level controls could affect professional skepticism since effective controls could minimize potential risks and misappropriation. Meanwhile, the entity-level controls would facilitate the assessment of process-level risks that could affect the operation of the organization. In addition, process-level controls could faci litate when conducting direct testes of transactions in order to ensure the financial statements are accurately presented.

Importance of Organizational Behaviour on Teamwork

Importance of organisational Behaviour on Team temptAccording to Keith Davis institutional manner is the hit the books and activity of k presentlyledge around how state act within ecesiss. It is human jibe for the human benefit. It applies broadly to way of people in completely theatrical role of physical com go under such as business, government, schools, etc. it helps people, structure, technology, and the foreign environment live on to pop offher in to an inwardnessive operative system. Fred Luthans defines organisational behavior as understanding, predicting and controlling human behavior at work.http//www.mbatown.comStephen Robins defines organizational behavior as a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, conferences, and structure conduct an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge improving an organizations enduringness.According to Stephen Robbins, four elements shew up the Organizational bearing vivification cycle. They ar exceeders, Employees of the Comp both, Organization Behavior Guidelines and judgment of conviction frame, Organizational Framework. Organizational Behavior is an of the essence(p) aspect to discover inter action at law trains amongst employees in the company and to a fault to enhance healthy relationships in the midst of them. Other attributes like lead qualities of the employees, openness to discuss problems between the travel by take aim and ground level employees, challenge-initiative be all embedded in to this basic concept of Organizational Behavior to help the business in achieving its strategic and some quantify its business objectives.What Case Study SaysThe General Electric(GE), the conglomeratecorporation integrated in the State of raw(a) York, USA, is famous for its organizational culture. In GE, the commission philosophy followed by the attention is to Encourage employees to sh ar their views in a collaborative culture, Vest hugeer responsibility, power, and accountability with front-line employees, Eliminate wasteful, irrational, and repetitive go in the work bear upon (which would love to light by means of employee feedback), break the boundaries that prevent thecross-pollination of ideasand efforts and they consider customers and community as the emperor. They gave former immensity to aggroup job and gave respect to each other. alone these optimistic aspects helped the company to get strong faithfulness of millions of employees during the long 120 years since the Company was beed by Thomas Edison. Jeffrey Immelt managed the whole company in a well-know way of life that has been rattling legendary till now. In 2000 to till now, when GE passed forth correspondingly, along with the obituary wordings it was noned by writers, that the founders legacy was not the intellect for the huge growth of GE-but it was the one and only GE manner. simply afterwards the merger of GE with ITT Corporation,Ling-Temco-Vought,T enneco, the things misrepresented upside fling off. Former GE people like former dissection heads, managers, engineers, and all the employees says more or less the GE Way as something special. General Electric usually visited the corporation halls, interrelate with community and lag ab out their projects, their troubles etc. They keep in mind that at time everybody valued everybody else.The actual issues started when John Francis Welch Jr, was hired from outside as GEs president and CEO. He stuck hard to the productivity of the company. A background of fearfulness started among the staffs which neer be real before. The master(prenominal) complaints against him were valuing money more than people, maltreatment lay-offs and creating a culture which is inequitable to the staffs. His intentions didnt match with GEs visions. They saw revenue only as a bludgeon to achieve other objectives which are condition bear on value. The other objectives acknowledge welfare of the employees , customers etc.The above theme was all near GE Way. It is a across the world held opinion that GE Way played a critical role in Companys achievement. Critics whitethorn say that to support an excellent corporate civilization, the company should be at its superior times. But people of GE who turn out experienced GE Way go forth never agree this because GEs most struggling times were in addition the times when GE Way was established at its best.http//www.paloaltoonline.com1) The contribution, pauperization, rewards and roles of individuals within these groups and team upsAccording to Stephen P. Robbins, motivation is the leaveingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, instruct by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual aim.Fred Luthans views motivation as a process that starts with a physiological or psychological want or need that activates behavior or a fix that is aimed at a goal or incentive.Each and every function of life is accompanie d with one or other type of motivation. thither are 2 main kinds of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic. Internal motivation is known as intrinsic motivation. When external factors compel the person to do something, on that pointfore it is extrinsic motivation.http//www.elmotivator.com/http//www.mbatown.comElton Mayo has the opinion that a employee having societal links at the place of work entrust be motivated more. Mayo believed that employees wad alike be motivated by acknowledging their social needfully and fashioning them feel beta among others. This is what is done by General Electric in the slickness of GE Way. The employees who have adept the actual GE Way says that everyone is valued by everybody else which means all the employees are given entailment and also the opportunity to articulate their thoughts and views. Employees were given liberty to fabricate decisions on the work and superior concentration was paid to relaxed work groups. This model is named as Ha wthorne effect by Elton Mayo.http//www.self-importancegrowth.com/articleshttp//ezinearticles.com/In the baptismal font study, General Electric were very victorious in inspiring their employees by simply universe down to earth. They never forget to visit their employees, to interact with them and to know their troubles and also to feel answers. From all these illustration we piece of ass say motivation is what propels life. In everything we do motivation plays a major role. To care about output, victimizeing, means, employment, achievement, victory, breakdown, etc motivation should be thereAn example for motivation, in management and organizational behavior suit Under-performing of employees which contributeed in performance outcomeA unexpected collapse in the profits was experienced by Company A. The companys management executive found out that this returns fall is as a go forth of under-performing of their employees. The performance of the employees was passing much under t he expectations of the management. This resulted in a rapid action from the companys offset by firing about 6 employees and a radical clutch bag of people was hired. The company un triumphful to understand in an earlier give that the managers incapability was the basis cause of under-performance of the employees. The manager unsuccessful to provide them safer on the job(p) conditions and this de-motivated the employees which resulted in decrease of productivity. This incident really opened their eyes which do them to execute strategies which help the company as well as employees to come from Under performance era.http//www.org-behavior.comThe motivation process is demonstrated through some(prenominal) theories. They are as followsNeed-based theories Need based theories include Maslows need hierarchy, McGregors possibleness X and possible action, Herzbergs two-factor opening, Alderfers ERG theory and McClellands need theoryProcess based theories include Expectancy theory, Goal- background knowledge theory, Reinforcement theory, Attribution theoryIndividual-organizational goal-congruence theories consists of Exchange, Accommodation, Socialization, IdentificationMaslows Need pecking order is all about a hierarchy of five basic ask which includes Physiological ask hunger, thirst, shelter etc. Safety needs security mea indisputables and protection from physical and emotional harm, Social needs affection, belongingness, love, acceptance, and friendship, Esteem needs internal delight in and external esteem, Needs for self-actualization the drive to best top ones potential.Alderfers ERG theory talks about leash types of needs-Existence needs consisting of physiological and safety device needs, Relatedness needs including the desire for maintaining of import interpersonal relationships social needs, and the external components of the esteem needs and Growth needs an intrinsic desire for personal emergence the intrinsic component of esteem, and self -actualization.McGregors theory X and theory Y Theory X has the assumption that employees dont like work, and they are lazy, not willing to lay down responsibility, and not motivated. Theory Y has the assumptions that employees like work, are creative, responsibilities seekers, and are self motivated. Herbergs two-factor theory talks about two contrasting views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction and it also talks about two factors-motivational factors and hygiene factors. McClellands Need Theory deals with the need for achievement. In other words it talks about a drive to excel, to set a higher goal, to seek higher responsibility, and to strive to succeed.All these theories more or less deals with what all factors create motivation in people and also the influence of motivation in an business. In the case of public ELECTRIC (GE), earlier the company was very estimable in mounting employee morale and thereby improving the efficiency of the operations of the company. But after th e merger, the things totally savage upside down. The new top level authorities intense only on the profitability and not on the employee morale. This paved the way for dissatisfaction in employees which negatively affected the productivity of the company. advantage system consists of financial rewards and employee benefits, which is collectively known as total remuneration. They also include non-monetary rewards such as appreciation, promotion, praise, achievement, responsibility and personal growth. Recent studies and researches on reward system shows that reward criteria of the organizations, both monetary and non-monetary rewards have great influence on the employees and performance and the performance of the employees. As an answer to the question, why reward system is required, we toilette find out a outcome of reasons like it can improve organizational effectiveness, it is capable of achieving integration, motivate the employees, fence in the labor market, increased commitm ent towards work, it can attract employees having somewhat and improved skills, improved quality, develop team working.Singh et.al. (1977) in a study of organizational culture and its impact onmanagerial remuneration concluded that the demands for money was importantly influenced by the quality of organizational culture and that it can substantially be reduced by improving the quality of organizational culture. Findings such as those suggest that satisfaction, task strikement, demand for money and commitment are more ofttimes than not de experimental conditionined by organizational culture.Steve Williams and Fred Luthans (1992) stated that, the choice of reward interacting with feedback had a positive impact on task performance. According to Theodore R. Buyniski (1995),Despite the tendency in recent years to down grade the importance of money as an organizational reward, there is ample evidence that money can be positively reinforcing for most people. Teams are also important in an organizational context because it bring together people with different skills and experiences that enable the organization to quickly respond to innovation, changes in the business environment, and changes in the customers need meteoric and more effectively. Teams also solve problems quicker because of increased communication (Katzenbach Smith, 1999). The positions that are be by a set of expectations about behavior of any job incumbent are termed as Roles. A set of tasks and responsibilities that whitethorn or may not be spelled out is accompanied with each and every role. Since money is being paid for the performance of the roles, there is prestige attached to a role, and a sense of accomplishment or challenge, roles have a powerful effect on behavior.In the context of the case of ordinary ELECTRIC(GE), even though reward plays a vital role, the morale of the employees was more affected by changes in the psychological environment of the organization and also sudden change in the culture of the organization. As they were practicing a different culture of informality, they find it difficult to a survive the new environment which is so formal and which gave no importance to their opinions. When an organization gives importance to the views and opinions of employees, they feel it better to work in such conditions because it is human spirit to wish to be recognized. Better performance will be the result if the individuals are given some roles to perform.http//www.indianmba.comSteve Williams Fred Luthans (1992), The Impact of Choice of Rewards and Feed confirm on Task Performance, Journal Of organizational Behavior. Vol. 13, P 653-666Katzenbach, J.R. Smith, D.K. (1999). The Wisdom Of Teams. New York HarperBusineeshttp//www.nwlink.com(b) focal point and leading relating to both groups and teamsAlan Keith stated that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. tom turkey DeMarco say s that leadership needs to be distinguished from posturing. Northouse says that leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. bloody shame Parker Follett defined management as the art of getting things done through people. Setting a new direction or vision for a group to accomplish the objectives of that group is known as leadership. But management is the controlling body or directing body of people and resources operable in a group according to already established values. all the said(prenominal) the terms management and leadership are often confused, they are truly different, but interrelated. The GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE) Way dealt with the legendary management style of two leaders Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard who through their leadership skills and qualities, developed the organization as a single family giving respect to each other. It is evident from the growth of GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE) that they were very successful in managing the people.Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1997) say leadership is like the Abominable Snowman, whose footprints are everywhere but who is nowhere to be seen. Leadership is everywhere but no one seems to be able to determine or figure out what makes up good leadership. It has been discussed by Bass in his book a study by H.L. Smith and Krueger (1933) in which they researched various primitive cultures around the world and last reached a conclusion that leadership exists among all people, regardless of their culture, race or beliefs. Even though if societies do not have established or elected leaders, chiefs, or rulers, someone always exists who initiates a process and plays a critical role in the decision making process of a group (Bass, 1990). Hewlett and Packard found out that leadership qualities are lying private in each and every individual and thus they developed a culture of respecting each other developing a sense of justice in the organization.According to Holla nder, leadership is a process that involves three main components. One is the leader, the second is the employees, and the third is the culture of the organization. If the relationship between these three components is not compatible then in a long term perspective leadership will fail and so will the team. The start component of leadership is the leader. A leader moldiness possess veritable beliefs, perceptions, characteristics, and skills for good leadership to occur in teams. A leader must hold the Wallenda factor closely. The Wallenda factor is the ability to only think about succeeding, and concentrating on the task at hand and not even cerebration about helplessness. The Wallenda factor was named after a famous tightrope walker Karl Wallenda who fell to his death. Karl Wallenda was preparing for his most challenging stunt of his life. But what he could think for 3 months before stunt was about failing, instead of working hard for the stunt. Checking and supervise the cons truction of his rope, he has never done it before and due to the thoughts of failing he catched it for the first time. (Bennis Nanus, 1997).The willingness to share power and control with the team should be a quality of the leader. Acting like a handed-down boss is not good for a leader he should be like a player or coach to the team. As already seen in the case of GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE), leaders must be there for support and encourage employees to solve problems on their own. Hewlett and Packard were typical leaders in the sense that they regularly visited company halls to interact with people and to solve their problems. GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE) Way, as the employees feel was a life and the leaders were like colleagues not bosses. They treat employees like equals and there were nothing that could be communicated only to managers and not to employees.http//www.teamtechnology.co.ukBass, M.B. (1990). Bass Stogdills Handbook of Leadership. New York, NY The Free PressBennis, W. Nanus, B . (1997).Leaders Strategies for Taking Charge. New York, NY HarperCollinswww.sagepub.comHollander, E.P. (1978). Leadership Dynamics. New York The Free PressRESOURCESQUANTITYGOALS OBJECTIVESSCHEDULEQUALITYBoundary Management ChartHarvey Robbins created a chart that helps leaders and the team members to know their boundaries specifically. This chart is having goals and objectives in the middle stripe, resources in the box above it and quality in the box below it. The quantity box is to the left of goals and objectives and to the right is the archive box. When a team member make outs more skilled the leader will put his or her name in one of the boxes and then that team member will be responsible for that job. The other boxes deal with being in charge of the quality of the product produced, the quantity of the product produced, and in charge of the resources used to produce the product. Other responsibilities assigned to other employees could be added to the chart if needed.The on ly box, according to Harvey Robbins, that is not negotiable is the center box goals and objectives. Leaders are not ready to completely give up control of goals and objectives because they must make sure the team members goals and objectives are twin(a) with the organizations goals and objectives. But the team members will be given the opportunity to involve in decision-making (H. Robbins, personal communication, September 15, 1999)An important element of good leadership is trust. Trust can be earned through many ways. In case of GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE), one way of creating trust was sharing of data and access to upward communication. A second was allowing team members to take risks without fear of punishment. Instead of firing or giving punishments the culture in GENERAL ELECTRIC(GE) was to give reassignments of jobs from which they can learn their mistakes.c) Group structures, goals and objectives.The group structures are important since it plays a vital role in determining the pro ductivity of a group. A group can do better than the collective effect of employees working independently. A successful group leader can lead a group to success. Different organizations structure their groups differently based on their goals and objectives. Groups should not be over crowded with skilled people, at the same time should not lack skills and talents. A group lacking skilled personnel may fail to achieve the said objectives. Goals and objectives provide the team members with the means of doing an act, and the end result will be their successful accomplishment. The groups goals, work plans, procedures, resources etc should be successfully arranged to get good results.When the work is carried out in well managed groups, the groups will enjoy operational and managerial freedom, which can increase their satisfaction towards work. The members of the group should be aware of his/her contribution towards the group and it is being valued, each individual starts viewing the group as an engaging entity. Well managed group structures enable the employees to work in co-operation.The statements that draw about the vision to be accomplished, or the results of any action that will be achieved in the coming(prenominal) are known as goals and objectives. Goals provide a wide context of what the vision is and what is it trying to achieve. Objectives are more statements that describe in a narrow context i.e. specific, tangible products, deliverables and fruits that will be delivered as a result of the action. Compared to objectives goals are high level statements.Goals may include more than one objective to achieve since it is at a higher level. To be more precise, achievement of many objectives may result in the accomplishment of a goal. Generally goals cannot be measured. Goals are defined as long-term aims, in which validation is possible in the future while objective accomplishment is a flavour by step process and can lead to the successful accomplishment of a goal.What the action is trying to achieve is what that matters in objectives. The objectives are concrete statements which should be pen at a lower level. Then only it will be possible to evaluate at the conclusion of a goal to check whether it was achieved or not. Compared to goal statements, objectives should not be vague. An excellent objective will be specific, measurable, attainable/achievable, realistic and time-bound. Even though goals and objectives are often used interchangeably, there is a main difference in their level of concreteness. Goals are less structured compared to objectives which are more concrete. In the case study Hewlett and Packard were having clear cut objectives and goals which never hampered the satisfaction of the employees and customers. They considered profitability as a tool to enable other objectives which are equally important to them. But the problems started when the management failed to align the objectives of the organization and the objectiv es of the employees together.http//books.google.co.in/bookswww.askscs.comwww.articlesnatch.comCONCLUSIONOrganizational behavior is so important because it studies or investigates about the impact of individuals and groups on behavior within organizations and it is used for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving the effectiveness of the organization. Organizational behavior provides the managers and leaders of the organization, the way through which they should travel and also make their employees travel to achieve organizational goals and objectives. For managers to build up a better work related understanding of themselves and their followers it is important to learn about organizational behavior in todays business environment. As the interpretation says, a manager has to get his things done through others the organizational skills aim a valuable talent or asset for him.The role of the managers has become more sensitive due to the changing nature of todays busin ess environment. It is now essential to be familiar with handling new work forces, relations with the complication of new environment and so on. For this, business people have to develop their information about attitude and behavior of individuals, and groups in organizations.In any organization or company, motivation and communication are two important elements in determining the success of the company. Based on motivation itself many theories have been developed to study behavior and characteristics of employees. The internal theory focuses on the differences within the individual that give rise to motivation and behavior. There are also theories about relation between personal needs or desires and organizational needs. The process theory focuses on the relationship of the employees with the company. The external theories focus on the various components in the environment making it a basis explanation of the behavior of the employees at work. Communication is the so important sin ce it is the basis of all activities and it is used by all the employees regardless of their position whether upper or lower for informing about what is going on in the organization or company. An important motivating factor for employees is sympathetic relationship in Maslows theory, which is a type of affiliation. The prior position in determining the satisfaction of the employees is occupied by working environment of the company.The employees when given roles to perform and rewards for their performance can perform better. This is the reason for many companies setting up teams to work and develops a healthy competition among the teams. Management and leadership also play an important role in the ultimate success of the company. Both these terms are essential because one without the other will make the operations of the business incomplete. Leaders can make sure that the team possesses clearly defined goals that match with the overall vision, goals and objectives of the company. Leaders and managers are concerned with effectiveness which will be reflected in the companys operations. Conclusively, OB can create an environment having happy moments of bonding together that can make each employee more intact that can help to maintain teamwork.

The dangers of Scams and corruption in Sports

The dangers of Scams and corruption in SportsCricket a gentlemans risque a very renowned education adored by roughly of the people who played cricket or enjoyed watching it nigh the 70s and 80s. precisely does this evokement s savings bank hold true? Well from the commentators or cricketing experts sentiment it does. merely from the viewers perspective, there is a doubt every everywhere the statement, more than so on the gentlemen vie the juicy.The year 2010 provided these viewers with more much(prenominal) inci simoleonss that could raise further doubts including those on the integrities of the players. The first nonable incident was when Sri Lankan cricketer Suraj Randiv bowled a no-b al wizard to deny Indian batsmen Virender Sehwag from scoring a century. Sehwag was on 99, with India needing just one-run to pull round the match. Randiv deliberately bowled a no-ball. Sehwag was thus stranded on 99 plain though he hit that ball for a six. After much reproval , the Lankan bowler accepted the wrong-doing, but by then the spirit of the game was already creation questioned.As if this incident was not enough to dent the spirit of the game, and as if the no-ball had not got its payable recognition, three Pakistani players were so-called in the spot-fixing tilt. The no-balls were now going to get a fair oversee of recognition. The three Pakistani players, Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir had allegedly accepted bribes from bookie Mazhar Majeed. The atomic reactor was to bowl deliberate no-balls and under-perform at specific points of time or in specific overs in the 4th show match with England at Lords. The development was used by Majeed to make wagers.When the news was first reported by the News of the solid ground, the trio denied the charges and pleaded innocence. However, with their background of having being involved in preceding such(prenominal) controversies related to match-fixing, doping, controversies related to the death of their former coach, this incident was not close to involvement that could collapse been shut without each investigation. The three players were temporarily hang by the International Cricket Council (ICC). Notices were sent to Pakistan board and these three players, seeking selective information into allegations of spot and match fixing. The Scotland Yard arrested Majeed for investigating the charges of suspicion of conspiracy. Later a few more arrests were make in the case, these being related to notes laundering in connection with the fixing allegations. They submitted their reports to the Crown Prosecution go (CPS). The CPS was to decide whether to hold the players guilty or not. Finally, the ICC concluded on its investigation that the three players were indeed guilty of accepting bribes for spot-fixing. They were subsequently outlaw for a period of 10 historic period for Salman Butt, 7 for Asif and 5 old age for Mohammad Amir. 5 years for Butt and 2 for Asi f were hang on the jibe that both of them commit no further breach of the code. All of them were allowed to appeal against their sentences with the Court of Arbitration for Sport.The sentences were aimed to thwart other such incidences from occurring. But as they say an image once tarnished is difficult to rebuild. Here the image in question is not only of Pakistan cricket but of cricket as a game. Will such sentences prevent the future occurrence of such or probably new methods of match-fixing, is something that only the time will tell. tosh 2 Lost in the timberlandTiger Woods is a professional American golf gameer one of the most successful golfers of all time. His achievements to date by sweet the most career PGA tours major golf championships make him the youngest fastest golfer to earn him such accolades. But, there is eer an upside of being a sports celebrity. Your personal professional lives are followed constantly by the media public who idolise you. Woods paid t he price of being a celebrity when he got involved in one of the famous infidelity stories of modern times.On November 25, 2009, there was a allegory publish in the tabloid The National Enquirer, which claimed that Woods was having an extramarital affair with one of the nightclub manager in New York, Rachel Uchitel. The media start-offed garnering attention to the story nearly Woodss infidelity aft(prenominal) Woods suffered a car accident a day later. The accident occurred near his home when he left around 230 a.m. in his car. Woods had hit a hedge, a fire hydrant, and a tree which was near his house. Woods was cited for careless effort paid a $164 traffic fine. He initially refused to speak to either the media or the police. This led to a lot of speculation among his fans media persons. Finally, after 2 days, he released his clarification statement on his personal website, which mentioned that he undertook unsaved for the car crash and said that he didnt want any more sp eculation as it was his personal matter. Reports soon surfaced in the media circles saying that Woods wife, Elin, had attacked his car with a golf club next an argument round Woods alleged affair with Uchitel.Further interest in the story grew when a San Diego based cocktail waitress, Jaimee Grubbs claimed in one of the magazines that she had a two-and-a-half-year affair with Woods. She also had various texts voice messages as a proof to support her claims. Soon, over a dozen women claimed through various mediums that they also had alleged personal business with Woods. This increased a lot of pressure on Woods from all sections of media, fans his sponsors. On Dec 11, 2009 he made a public statement on his website in which he admitted to infidelity and apologized for his behaviour. He also announce that he has decided to call for a temporary break from playing professional golf till he settles down with his personal life. concisely after this statement, several companies who were Woods sponsors started to reconsider the endorsement deals signed with him. On 8th December, 2009, Nielsen carried out a survey set that the advertisers had temporarily suspended television other media advertisements featuring Woods post the extramarital affairs scandals emerged. some(prenominal) of the major sponsors of Woods showed him support initially and decided to retain him. But he was suspended by Gillette on Dec 11, and also by Accenture on Dec 13, stating that the golfer was no longer the right representative. The shareholders had undergone an estimated acquittance which was as high as $5to $12billion due to the Woods extramarital affairs scandal.The entire Tiger Woods infidelities controversy proved one thing that no individual can take anything for granted, even if he is the worlds highest earning professional sports athlete. Woods had admitted that he was unfaithful to his wife had extramarital affairs with a number of women. Infidelity is not delicious by any court of law. It is the most unethical thing to get in a marriage cannot be tolerated or forgiven by any partner (irrespective of their gender) in the world. He was caught by the charisma power that comes by being a famous sports celebrity. He had the wrong belief that he had the power to perform any actions, and his brand image his fan following would not cause any harm to him. He was under the word-painting that normal rules/laws followed in confederacy did not apply to a self-aggrandizing sports celebrity like him. This brought to his downfall his multiple infidelities tarnished his on-field brand image create by him from over a decade. His acts had disappointed his fans, family, friends business partners all over the world. Woods officially divorced his wife on Aug 23, 2010. Currently, Woods has made a comeback to professional golf but he is uncomplete in the best of his form on-field nor does he have the support that he used to have before the controversy.Story 3 majestics take a DopeOlympics, the greatest sporting event in the world, is not go off from issues and one of the issue which is bothering the organizer for a long time is customs of performance enhancing doses. The genesis of using the similar things can be found in Ancient Olympics in form of specially cooked lizard philia which would improve athletes performance. In modern Olympics, there have been many cases where players have been banned for using drugs starting with alcohol physical exertion in 1968 till 30 athletes were banned in Vancouver in 2010. IOC (International Olympic commission) along with WADA ( manhood Anti-Doping Agency) has taken a strong stand against use of such elements. In fact, correct Tolerance for Doping was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games (2008). The case which we are going to see how Bahrain Athlete Rashid Ramzi was stripped of his halcyon medal for doping in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.Rashid Ramzi climbed to the top of the Asian scene, after transferring to Bahrain, winning gold medals at the Asian Athletics Championships and the Asian Games 2002. He set an Asian indoor record over 800 metres to take the silvery at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships-his first global medal-and took part in the 2004 Athens Olympics. He reached the peak of his discipline the following year by becoming both the 800m and 1500m champion at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics the first man to ever do such a double at the competition. He failed to retain his titles at the 2007 World Championships, but still took the silver medal over 1500m. At the 2008 spend Olympics, he was the recipient of the first ever medal for Bahrain at the Olympics winning the 1500m gold medal.However, he failed to maintain his integrity before performing at 2008 Olympics Games. His result (of winning gold medal in 2008) did not stand and he was excluded from the sport for two years after his test came back coercively charged for the banned blood-boosting substance CERA (Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator), a newer form of a endurance-enhancing hormone that was cutting edge stuff. In April 2009, the Bahrain Olympic Committee reported Ramzi tested positive for doping at the Beijing Games. Ramzi tested positive for CERA, an advanced version of the blood-boosting drug EPO. Ramzis backup B sample was tested on June 18, 2009 and in July 2009 it was announced Ramzis B sample has tested positive as well. In November 2009, Ramzi was stripped of his gold medal.An important thing to note, here, is the players (many others including Ramzi were suspended or stripped of their medal) were knowing about illegal use of drug CERA but test to check CERA were not available before. So, players took advantage of it. But, as soon as test came into existence, it was applied on players and were given assume punishment. This incident tells us how hard IOC and WADA tries to eliminate drug issue from Olympics, usage o f such drugs will become integral part of Olympics unless Players take a moral responsibility of eradicating drug demon.Story 4 Corruption in Commonwealth Games 2010They killed animals, cut trees, dis ordaind people, snatched livelihoods, undone river, looted the taxpayers, violated all realizable labor laws, increased personify of living to unimaginable heights, asked students to vacate hostels, destroyed heritage of this age old city and all this in the gain of Green Games. Yes, as a matter of fact the only thing green about October 2010 held Commonwealth Games in the capital city was the specie involved in it.The mission of this game involved creating sustainable purlieu and leave behind a lasting legacy and values include transparency. Delhi had won the bid in November 2003, in last six years whatever happened in the quote of Games completely defied above mentioned vision, mission and values. On the contrary, the opacity in the conducting of the games deeply scarred the sentiments of the people and the civil society in India. The destructive development that had happened over the years in the name of a game has tarnished the image of India to a great extent.Initially the estimated cost of the games was around Rs. 150 crores which rose to Rs. 70,000 crores. Common mans hard earned silver was used in an extravagant and reckless manner. There was corruption ranging from procural of small items like towels, soaps etc. to construction of bridges and stadiums. Before the start of the games, corruption was suspected but the magnitude was not known. The cost of restitution of a stadium proved to be more than building a new stadium. There were reports of child labour in the construction of venues. cobblers last of 48 labourers did not make much news and was mentioned in passing. For some of the mess in Delhi, Congress blames MCD controlled by BJP while BJP and other inverse political parties directed their fingers to the ruling party at Delhi. Allegatio ns of corruption spanned a broad spectrum including issuing ofcontracts and purchase of equipment from treadmills to toilet rolls. Indias anti-corruption watchdog identified more than 16 projects with possible irregularities.Allegations of corruption over the Commonwealth games 2010 event that took place in Delhi in October 2010 are being investigated by several bodies including theanti-corruption watchdog, the state auditor, the CBI and a special committee setup by salad days Minister Singh. The Congress-party led coalition government came under fierce criticism formismanagement and ineptitude over the sporting extravaganza which cost up to Rs. 70,000 crore (USD6 billion). It is obvious that a complete lack of governance and answerableness has led to all kinds of politicians and officials diving in to make a restless buck out of the governments magnanimity. The Congress party, as a desperate notice to save its face, eventually sacked Suresh Kalmadi, chairman of the organisingc ommittee, as secretary of the partys parliamentary wing. Recently, Kalmadi and his Aides have been arrested and questioned by the CBI regarding the irregularities in the run-up to hosting the just-concluded Commonwealth Games.What was supposed(a) to be Indias moment of glory was turned into the countrys hour of shame.*.*.*.

The Human Impact On Environment

The Human Impact On EnvironmentIn many peoples opinions mans bear on on the environment is a unsound manage in our life which is easily neglected, as homos argon amenable for a staggering amount of damage on the earth. Nature manages its admit components.Since the turn upbreak of technology and industrialisation humans have greatly had a negative come to on the environment, such as product line taint, habitat destruction, wet system pollution, the burning of rainforests and domain of a function pollution. In this essay I believe to give facts and discuss the make and causes on these topics and discuss the solutions creation carried out to improve the conditions.Air pollution effects people in aras of emanation sources, such as, power countersinks, local industry and major roadstead. worldly concern commit to pollution by the use of machinery in industry causing pollution to the environment. More effects of air pollution on the environment take away using dies el fuel for vehicles and coal for power along with the miss of sack controls for vehicles and industry.An other cause of air pollution is the greenhouse gunman carbonic acid gas, this gas warms the earth through with(predicate) living things as they emit carbon dioxide when breathing which contributes to humans also, as we add to this statistic through breathing also. CO2 is usu totallyy thought to be involved with cars, aeroplanes and power plants, in the other(prenominal) 150 socio-economic classs , CO2 has been polluting our atmosphere through the sources mentioned, this is the highest CO2 emissions save for a long time. More causes of air pollution is methane gas which comes from swamps which argon contributed to man through flooding. Cfcs ar another major cause of air pollution by man through the use of fridges and deodorants (aerosols) which harms the earths ozone layer.Solutions to Air taintSolutions to air pollution allow in driving and flying little, recycling, and conservation. G everyplacenments atomic number 18 limitting emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases through the Kyoto Protocolthis is an agreement between countries that they willing issue back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method being puzzle into practice is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline.( http//environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution-overview.html )Acid RainAcid rain has a big effect on the environment and is ca apply through men by the emission if nitrogen oxides through road transport, power stations and industry, over 2000 tonnes of nitrogen oxide was soil into the air in 1990 along with over 3000 tonnes of sulphur dioxide through power stations and industry. Sulfur dioxide is known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Another adverse effect of these gases being emitted into t he atmosphere by humans is the weathering of buildings, particularly those made from limestone, marble and sandstone. For sample sulphate-rich precipitation reacts with limestone and is easily eroded. Many method have been used to thin out the effects of acid rain, one is to add powdered limestone to lakes to increase their pH values, however the only real effective and practical solution is to chasten fossil fuel consumption by using alternate cypher sources that do not produce nitrate or sulphate gases (hydropower or nuclear power).Water defilementAsian rivers are the some polluted in the world. They have three times as many bacterium from human negate as the global average and 20 times more than lead than rivers in industrialized countries.Thirty percent of Irelands rivers are polluted with sewage or fertilizer. The King River is Australias most polluted river, low from a severe acidic condition related to archeological site operations.100, 000 shipboard soldier mammal s, 1 million sea birds and other aquatic lives are kil direct collectible to plastic waste in water and coastal area.Bangladesh has some of the most polluted groundwater in the world. In this case, the contaminant is arsenic, which occurs subjectively in the sediments. near 85% of the total area of the country has contaminated groundwater, with at to the lowest degree 1.2 million Bangladeshis exposed to arsenic poisoning and with millions more at risk. contaminant of freshwater is a problem for about half of the worlds population. Each year there are about 250 million cases of water-related diseases, with roughly 5 to 10 million deaths.The main problem of water pollution is that it kills life departed fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants.defilement disrupts the natural fodder chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.humans are affected by this process as well. People shag get diseases such as hepatitis by take seafood that has been poisoned.Ecosystems stinker be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by negligent human pollution,Solutions to Water Pollution stabilising wetlands to act as a buffer zone to runoff and to assist in filtering pollutants Drive less to reduce the amount of air pollution being emitted into the environment and minify the amount of nitrogen deposition. Improve the sewage treatment system to occlusive the leaks in the pipes. Conserve water Improve storm water management. monitor watershed Stop deforestation to soak up the rain water and prevent runoff from occurring. priming PollutionThe human impacts related with land pollution involves the Increase in urbanization as Construction uses up forestland. More constructions means increase in demand for raw materials akin timber. This leads to the exploitation and destruction of forests, the Increase in agricultural land As the human population grew there was a greater demand for food. This caused more land allocated to agriculture. Forests were cut down for this purpose, Agricultural activities Besides domestic waste, pesticides and herbicides used by farmers to increase crop yields also pollute the land when they are washed into the soil and Industrial activities are also a change factor to land pollution. For example, in open cast mining, huge holes are dug in the ground and these form dangerously deep mining pools. Heaps of mining waste are left behind and these waste often contain several poisonous substances that will contaminate the soil.The effects on humans is that the Pollution is likely to affect over a billion people around the world, with millions poisoned and killed each year.The World Health brass instrument estimates that 25 percent of all deaths in the developing world are directly attributable to environmental factor.Some researchers estimate that exposure to pollution causes 40 percent of deaths annually. Many people are not cognisant of the impact that such industrial pollution basin have on the earth. By helping to make it known, you can be one of the voices that will draw attention to the issue thus helping to inspire change.Solutions to Land PollutionNew laws and regulations such as, reduce use of plastic, recycle and reuse have greatly reduced the amount of commercial and industrial pollution,habitat Destruction/DeforestationHabitat destruction is happening all over the world and closer to your home than you might think. Tropical rain forests in Central and South America and in Southeast Asia and Oceania are being threatened. Rainforests now occupy less then of the land that they did 100 geezerhood ago (thats less than 2% of the earths surface).Humans are a major cause of habitat destruction. The causes include, logging, agriculture, the building of roads and cities, and forest fires. Logging involves Humans cutting down the forests and rain forests for wood and wood products.Usually, only striking prime trees are cut down, such as mahogany. However, smaller trees can be destroyed in the process and never replaced. Logging can cause soil erosion, and the logging roads that are built can damage rivers and streams. Agriculture involves Wild lands being cleared for crops and domestic animals. The atomic number 53 biggest cause of deforestation is farming. Animals that are used to living in a biodiverse habitat cannot survive in an area with one crop. Humans impact on habitat destruction is majorly involved in the building of roads and cities, although essential for life, this still causes a problem for biodiversity as Humans are clearing trees and wild lands to make room for roads and cities. Cities replace the natural habitat of many species of plants and animals. Highways and freeways can destroy plants and also keep animal s from safely travelling through their natural habitat.Recent effects of humans on the environmentHumans have recently had a massive impact on the environment with the nuclear power plant disaster in Japan following the biggest earthquake/tsunami ever recorded cooling systems failures that led to radiation escaping from a reactor at one location. The emergency declarations, which include five reactors at the two plants, followed Fridays 8.9-magnitude earthquake off the countrys northeast coast. In a troubling announcement, Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety spot official Ryohei Shiomi said a monitoring device outside the plant detected radiation that is eight times higher than normal and an excretion zone has been expanded from three kilometres around the plant to 10 kilometres.( http//news.slashdot.org/ falsehood/11/03/12/038218/Nuclear-Emergency-Declared-At-2-Plants-In-Japan?from=rss )The impact this had on the environment was really terrorisation as fears of people being expo sed with radiation which was life black and people were even evacuated from their homes and told not to go outside, there is now fears that the food produced there may be contaminated with radiation and they are fish filet all exports. This radiation from Japan has the potential to cause worldwide biologic disruptionReferencing/SourcesBuz/ed Causes and effects of land pollution Online purchasablehttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-land-pollution.html (accessed twentieth marching 2011)Biodiversity lectures Online Availablewww.uws.ac.ukNational Geographic Air pollution Online Availablehttp//environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution-overview.html (accessed twentieth march 2011)Goudie, A. and Viles, H.(1997) The Earth Transformed An introduction to human impacts on the environmentImages Radioactive waste Online Availablehttp//homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0852279/Docs/Radioactive.html Picture (accessed twentieth march)Air pollution Online Avai lablehttp//homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0852279/Docs/Air.html (accessed twentieth march 2011)Land Pollution Online Availablehttp//homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0852279/Docs/Land.html (accessed 20th march 2011Water Pollution Online Availablehttp//homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0852279/Docs/Water.html (accessed 20th march 2011)Image Online Availablewww.imagesfrom.co.cc (accessed 20th march 2011)Water Pollution Online Availablehttp//library.thinkquest.org/26026/Environmental_Problems/water_pollution_-_effects.html (accessed 20th march 2011)Habitat Destruction Online Availablehttp//www.library.thinkquest.org/08aug/00473/habitatdestruction.html (accessed 20th march 2011)Japan Earth Quake Online Availablehttp//news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/12/038218/Nuclear-Emergency-Declared-At-2-Plants-In-Japan?from=rss (accessed 21th march 2011)Water Pollution Online Availablewww.peakwater.org (accessed 22nd march 2011)University of the West of Scotland (n.d.) Student Services Mini Guide Hamilton Campus. s.l. UWS

Determinants of Productivity :: essays research papers

Determinants of ProductivityDeterminants of ProductivityProductivity is the criterion of output formed by one unit of production remark in a unit of time. Inputs apply in the production of the goods and operate argon the major determinants of whatsoever(prenominal) countrys productivity they argon also called factors of production. There ar four major determinants of productivity of any countrys economy. realm the ground itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The cancel choices that is available without alteration or driveway on the part of servicemans. destroy as a imaginativeness includes still unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown ar not categorized as repose because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a pictorial rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The pay for letting others use land is called rent.Labor In order to maturate the things, a humankind resource must be used. human resources constitute of the productive aid of turn over made by individuals who workfor instance, miners, artists, and professional person baseball players. The component part of weary to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain learning and training and whenever actual workers acquire stark naked skills, advertises contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to fag out is label wages.Capital When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. for the most part it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Mo ney is used to buy factors of production it is not a factor itself. The return for spend in capital is called interest. green light or Entrepreneurship The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of peak capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and devising fundamental business constitution decisions.Determinants of Productivity essays research papers Determinants of ProductivityDeterminants of ProductivityProductivity is the quantity of output formed by one unit of production input in a unit of time. Inputs used in the production of the goods and services are the major determinants of any countrys productivity they are also called factors of production. There are four major determinants of productivity of any countrys economy. Land the land itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. L and as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent.Labor In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who workfor instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labors contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages.Capital When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Money is used to buy factors of production it is not a factor itself. The return for investing in capital is called interest.Enterprise or Entrepreneurship The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of raising capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and making fundamental business policy decisions.

Poe’s The Black Cat and Hawthorn’s Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young

Poes The Black Cat and Hawthorns unripened Goodman BrownIn Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne analyzes the Puritans consciousness and the hidden wickedness of their nature. He takes a nave Puritan man and takes him on a tour into the dark forest to decent an old man whom we presume, is the devil. As the nave Puritan embarks on his journey, his wife Faith kisses him ethical bye. The Puritan has an arouse feeling of guilt as he is entering the forest to meet with the dumbfound. He realized what he is doing was forbidden and none of his forefathers or checkmate Puritans would ever commit such a sin. During his meeting with the Devil his navet dissolves. He sees Deacon Gookin, his old catechism teacher, and other upstanding members of the community, whom he looked up to and feared, dancing around the Devils fire. He is told that the Devil has helped his father and Grandfather in years past. His innocence is completely sunk when he sees his own wife Faith dancing around the Devils ro ach . He screams in agony My faith is gone. There is no good on earth and sin is but a ...

One Of The Hardest Things I had To Do - Original Writing :: Papers

One Of The Hardest Things I had To Do - Original Writing As we drove from the peaceful, secluded surroundings of Hertfordshire into the move hub of Heathrows Terminal 4, it suddenly dawned on me how hard it would be for me to carry pop out this feat It was the time I was most looking forward to. We had in the end been allowed out of the school gates into our eight weeks of freedom. No work had to be handed in the next day, no teachers would moan how everyplace worked, nether paid they were and most of all it was not the winter. After careful clumsiness my family and I decided to spend our two-week vacation in the all wickedness city of Paris. We were looking forward to the 35oC weather, the theme special Ks built intimate the over developed hotels and one of the greatest wonders of the world, the Eiffel tower. The hotel we wanted to stay at was called the Jolly Hotel Lotti. This hotel was like no other hotel I had ever seen. not only did it have i ts own built in theme park with log flumes, roller coasters and any other ride imaginable except it also had twenty to thirty shops and restaurants all inside. To put it mildly, it was huge On the 21st August, about a week before we left, we received a letter from the hotels theme park. It told us that for one day only, they would be fling a free ride on the Screamer, for anyone who raised more than one hundred fifty in sponsorship. Only when I watched the enclosed video in astonishment, did I realize what this ride was. It was something I had always wanted to do, but had never managed to entice my parents that it was safe. I found out that it was the first bungee jump that allowed anyone over the age of nine to fly through the air at an stimulating 80 mph at a g-force of 2.5, so you could project what my parents reaction would be to my interest.